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If you look at hundreds of elite athlete training logs, short, fast "strides" will be a close-to-universal element. There is variance in timing of strides, distribution throughout the year, speed and duration, but you'll rarely see an athlete exploring the top of their performance potential without them.

That's weird, right? How can running quickly for 30 seconds or less have much relevance for events from 30 minutes to 30 hours? The answer likely lies in how adaptation happens in the interaction between cells and systems of our muscles and bones and capillaries, applied via biomechanics and the nervous system.

A flow chart that diagrams adaptation would have thousands of arrows, and even then would be simplifying complex processes that often cannot be measured directly. In other words, adaptation is a lot like the lottery for entry into the Hardrock 100. For endurance runners thinking about their own training in an applied, practical sense, I like to break it down to four component parts that work in tandem: the aerobic system, the musculoskeletal system, the biomechanical system and the neuromuscular system.

Systems Overview

The aerobic system powers working muscles via the heart, lungs, and circulatory elements like capillaries. The musculoskeletal system absorbs and transmits power during activity. The biomechanical system describes the efficiency of that power absorption and transmission via movement patterns. And the neuromuscular system is how the brain and nervous system put it all together. Each of those elements has countless component parts, and each feeds back on one another over time. 

The problem is that it's tempting to prioritize the aerobic system and musculoskeletal system above all else, using total effort or stress as a proxy for the value of training. That model views runners as "lungs with legs," and it risks missing some of the complex feedback cycles that fall between a breath of oxygen-rich air and running speed on a road or trail.

While there is no 100-percent proven reason that strides work, their importance is likely related to the complex interplay of those elements that go into long-term adaptation. Aerobically, short strides could improve cardiac output, but that benefit is likely minimal. Musculoskeletally, they stress output-per-stride, requiring muscles to maximize efficient power output. There are even theories that strides could positively alter protein expression in slow-twitch muscle fibers, and that underscores the idea that all of these adaptation processes likely have immensely complex explanations. Biomechanically and neuromuscularly, the mix of higher cadence, lower ground contact time, and maximized power could help optimize form and power transfer, along with complex pathways involved in how the brain makes it all possible. If I say "complex" one more time, I complete my punch card that entitles me to a free six-inch sub. 

Feeding back development of max sustainable output via strides and similar efforts into normal sub-max training consisting of easy efforts and workouts can raise the ceiling on both. And that's how an athlete can have long-term breakthroughs to previously unthinkable levels.

To simplify it a bunch, an athlete usually will be within a certain percentage range of their short stride speed in longer events. That range is variable and based on a number of individual-specific factors (i.e. muscle fiber distribution, sex, athletic background) and my co-coach/wife Megan and I went into more details in our book and podcast. But the big takeaway is this: maximum sustainable output (sometimes called "speed endurance," though that term means many different things depending on where you look) is often loosely connected to sub-max sustainable output (velocity or power at lactate threshold or harder and aerobic threshold or easier). 

Feeding back development of max sustainable output via strides and similar efforts into normal sub-max training consisting of easy efforts and workouts can raise the ceiling on both. And that's how an athlete can have long-term breakthroughs to previously unthinkable levels.

Applied Studies

Many studies support the empirical framework seen in elite-athlete training. A 2018 study in Physiology Reports had 20 trained athletes do 10 sessions of 5 to 10 x 30 seconds fast in a 40-day training cycle where total training volume was reduced by 36 percent. After the intervention, 10K performance improved by 3.2 percent. Perhaps most interestingly, VO2 max didn't change at all (and it actually had a non-significant decrease). Instead, the athletes improved by two percent in their velocity at VO2 max. 

In other words, their aerobic systems had not improved, they were just going faster with the oxygen they had. The progress was based in some combination of their musculoskeletal, biomechanical and neuromuscular systems. If you want to get to know me better, I enjoy long walks on the beach and that Physiology Reports study.

A 2017 study in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research similarly took 16 trained trail runners and had them complete two weeks of 4 to 7 x 30 seconds hard with 4 minutes of recovery 3 times per week. They improved in their 3K time trial times by about 6 percent, with similar physiological underpinnings. Physiology Reports, baby, I promise you're the only journal for me. I just like the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research's photo composition on Instagram. It's purely artistic respect!

Running economy improvements seen with the introduction of faster strides would apply to the remainder of training-more sustainable speed in workouts and likely more efficient easy running too.

Do the initial adaptation processes eventually level off or even decrease? That's tough to measure (for more, see this 2017 study in the Journal of Applied Physiology and this 2017 study in the Scandanavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports), but I doubt it. Running economy improvements seen with the introduction of faster strides would apply to the remainder of training-more sustainable speed in workouts and likely more efficient easy running too. Add well-rounded training on top of the speed development (plus periodization of different stimuli), and there should be positive feedback cycles that improve the aerobic system.

Training Systems

From the 1950s on, strides have played an important role in training approaches. Starting in the 1950s, Coach Mihaly Igloi had a system predicated on stride-like intervals (see this wonderful article from Coach Steve Magness). In the 1960s and 1970s, Arthur Lydiard pioneered modern training approaches with strides and hills building off base periods. And now, coaches from Renato Canova to Jack Daniels include short, fast bouts of running in various ways. In trail and ultra running, strides have been key component parts of the training of athletes like Clare Gallagher, Hayden Hawks, Jason Schlarb, Katie Asmuth and many others.

All of that was a glorified preamble for the big questions of the day: how do you actually do strides, and how do they fit into a well-rounded training plan? Now, we are venturing into an area where there is even more debate, so I will summarize what Megan and I recommend, but find what works for you.

How To Run Strides

For athletes we coach, strides are 15- to 30-second accelerations to the fastest pace they can go without straining or sprinting, usually with 1 to 2 minutes easy running recovery between. Our usual guideline is to do 4 to 8 of them, with 4 being the sweet spot balancing stimulus and stress. They can be on roads or non-technical trails, flat ground or slight ups and downs.

It's key to avoid full, arms-pumping sprinting due to the risk of injuries and reinforcing biomechanical patterns that are not conducive to long-distance running. The cap at 30 seconds is to prevent too much stress, which could undermine the aerobic system (see this article on base training for more). We like athletes to apply four cues:

Ease into the effort, with the first 5 seconds gradually building pace, emphasizing longer strides before rapid turnover;

Run tall through the hips, with a slight forward lean;

Use long-distance form, with normal arm carriage and a relaxed upper body;

Instead of increasing cadence as high as you can go, emphasize knee drive and output-per-stride at a smooth effort.

Put it all together, and it usually equates to between the speed an athlete could race 800 meters to a mile (for beginner to intermediate athletes) or a mile to 3K or even 5K (for intermediate to very advanced athletes). More slow-twitch athletes can usually go toward the faster end, and faster twitch athletes should stay on the slower end. If you do them on non-technical trails, the paces will be slower, and that's OK too. 

When To Run Strides

Now, it's important to consider how flat strides fit in with hill strides. Hill strides primarily emphasize the musculoskeletal system, since the uphill grade usually involves lower cadence and increased power-per-stride. Meanwhile, flat strides emphasize the neuromuscular and biomechanical systems, with higher cadence and more strain on form. A strong cyclist who doesn't run could probably do a good hill stride due to their power, but would likely suffer on a flat stride due to their lack of neuromuscular and biomechanical adaptations.

Hill strides primarily emphasize the musculoskeletal system, since the uphill grade usually involves lower cadence and increased power-per-stride. Meanwhile, flat strides emphasize the neuromuscular and biomechanical systems, with higher cadence and more strain on form.

After a base period of easy running, we like athletes to start with hill strides, improving raw musculoskeletal output first with lower overall risk. If athletes are over 50, prone to injuries, or find themselves going too fast on flat strides, they may never do flat strides at all.

Other athletes usually progress into flat strides after they are fully adapted to the hill stride stimulus. The choice of flats or hills will alternate depending on goals (more hills for ultramarathoners, more flats for road racers) and genetic predispositions (more hills for faster-twitch athletes, more flats for slower-twitch athletes). 

Rest between strides starts as near-complete recovery (1-2 minutes), so that fatigue does not impact form or output significantly. Later, the rest may shorten to as little as 30 seconds to get an enhanced aerobic stimulus, particularly closer to races or for faster-twitch athletes.

Most of our athletes do strides one to three times per week. You can generally add them during any easy run, with the caveat that there could be some aerobic drawbacks to doing too many strides too often. Before workouts, they make a great neuromuscular primer. After harder efforts, they can serve as a combo workout stimulus.

A typical weekly breakdown for an intermediate/advanced athlete in the middle of a training cycle may look like this:

Monday: Rest Day

Tuesday: 8-10 miles easy with 5 x 20 seconds fast/1 min easy flat strides

Wednesday: 3 miles easy, workout (like 6-8 x 3 minutes at 10k effort with 2 minutes easy recovery), 4 x 20-30 second hill strides, 3 miles easy

Thursday: 8-10 miles easy

Friday: 4-6 mile easy or x-train

Saturday: 14 miles easy/moderate (20 minutes moderately hard around 1-hour effort) 

Sunday: 10 miles easy with 4 x 20-30 seconds fast/2 min easy flat strides

Before you get overwhelmed, let's end the article with a step back to the first principles of strides. The basic idea is that going faster than you'll ever race (but not as fast as you absolutely can) will make you faster overall at all effort levels. That improved running economy is balanced against injury risk and a slight chance of aerobic regression if done too intensely or at the exclusion of other types of training. Start with hill strides, and only do flat strides if you feel confident in your health and discipline to avoid all-out sprinting. You can add them to almost any run, but don't add them to every run.

And most importantly, don't stress about the exact details. Just make sure that you remember one thing: you are an ATHLETE. And exploring your unlimited athletic potential may be a bit more fast (and fun) with strides.

MONFORTE DA BEIRA, PORTUGAL — Three weeks after dislocating my shoulder in a fall shortly after arriving in Lisbon, I found myself looking for a goal that would keep me moving while allowing my body time to heal.

The fall resulted in a trip to the hospital and weeks of recovery with my arm in a sling. While it limited my running, it did not take away my desire to stay active.

The inspiration for my next goal came from an unexpected source. Anderson Manor recently hosted a group of nine women from Australia whose passion is hiking and trekking. Watching their enthusiasm for exploring the countryside surrounding Monforte da Beira reminded me how much there is to discover on foot. Their visit inspired me to create a challenge of my own.

I called it my Portugal Villages 100K Challenge.

The concept was simple: cover 100 kilometers on foot while connecting the villages surrounding Anderson Manor, including Monforte da Beira, Cegonhas, Malpica do Tejo, and Ladoeiro.

Unlike an organized race, there was no entry fee, no aid stations, and no spectators. But there was a finish line—100 kilometers. My goal was to reach it under my own power while exploring some of the most beautiful countryside in central Portugal.

Running was limited because of my shoulder situation. Much of the journey was completed while wearing a sling. Some sections were covered at what I call a shuffle, roughly 16 to 17 minutes per mile, while others were completed at a brisk walking pace. The objective was never speed. The objective was forward progress.

An event is an event.

Over six consecutive days, I traveled through olive groves, farmland, quiet village streets, and winding country roads. One day included my familiar Cactus Loop, a 5.25-mile route near Anderson Manor. The remaining days were primarily point-to-point journeys linking neighboring villages.

What struck me most was the beauty and simplicity of Portugal’s rural interior. There were long stretches where the only sounds came from birds, sheep, and the occasional tractor. The landscape remains largely unchanged from generations past, offering a glimpse of a slower and more peaceful way of life.

The final kilometers came on the road to Ladoeiro. Reaching 100 kilometers was my finish line. There was no official clock, no banner stretched across the road, and no cheering crowd, but the finish line was real nonetheless. Today, on a quiet road approaching Ladoeiro, my GPS showed that I had reached the 100-kilometer mark. The distance had been covered, the challenge was complete, and the finish line had been reached.

At age 78, I continue to believe that fitness is not defined by speed. Some days we run. Some days we walk. Some days we do a little of both. What matters is maintaining the habit of movement and continuing to challenge ourselves regardless of age or circumstance.

This personal challenge reminded me that setbacks do not have to stop us. They simply require us to adapt. While my shoulder continues to heal, completing this 100K journey proved that meaningful goals can still be achieved even when conditions are less than ideal.

I also came away with an even greater appreciation for the villages that surround Anderson Manor and for the simple joy of exploring them under my own power. Sometimes inspiration comes from elite athletes. Sometimes it comes from a group of travelers from Australia who simply love to walk and discover new places.

The roads connecting Monforte da Beira, Cegonhas, Malpica do Tejo, and Ladoeiro are still there. I suspect I will be traveling them again soon.

Kenya's sprint king Ferdinand Omanyala has sent a powerful message to his rivals ahead of one of the most anticipated 100m races of the season, declaring that fans should expect something special when he steps onto the track at the Rome Diamond League.

Speaking in an interview with Nation Sport ahead of the prestigious meeting in Rome, the African record holder made it clear that he is entering the race with renewed confidence and determination, insisting that the version of Omanyala the world has seen in previous seasons is no longer the same athlete.

"I am not the same Omanyala they are used to. It will be different. I promise you fireworks. The roof will blow off," he said, underlining his belief that his best performances are still ahead of him.

The Kenyan sprint sensation also reaffirmed his season-long objective of consistently breaking the coveted 10-second barrier, revealing that he is fully focused on delivering sub-10 performances throughout the Diamond League campaign.

His bold remarks have only heightened anticipation for the men's 100m showdown in Rome, where he is set to face an elite field featuring world champion Noah Lyles, Olympic champion Letsile Tebogo, and South African sprint star Akani Simbine.

The race promises to be one of the highlights of the meeting, bringing together some of the fastest men in the world in a contest that could produce exceptional times. For Omanyala, it is another opportunity to showcase his growth, challenge the very best, and strengthen his position among the global sprinting elite.

As the athletes prepare to take their marks, excitement continues to build around the Kenyan star. He has promised fireworks, and with a world-class field standing alongside him, the stage is perfectly set for a memorable night of sprinting in the Italian capital.

Whether his bold prediction comes to life remains to be seen, but one thing is certain: Omanyala is heading into Rome with confidence, ambition, and the belief that his fastest races are still ahead of him.

Olympic and world champion Winfred Yavi will step out of her renowned steeplechase comfort zone on Thursday evening as she takes on a strong women's 5000m field at the Golden Gala Pietro Mennea, the fourth stop of the 2026 Wanda Diamond League in Rome.

The Bahraini star arrives in the Italian capital carrying impressive credentials over the distance. Yavi owns a personal best of 14:41.99 and currently holds Bahrain's national record in the women's 5000m, underlining her versatility beyond the barriers that have brought her global fame.

Rome holds special memories for Yavi. The Stadio Olimpico was the scene of one of the finest performances of her career in 2024 when she produced the second-fastest women's 3000m steeplechase time in history, narrowly missing the world record. Now she returns to the Eternal City with a different challenge ahead as she looks to make her mark in one of the deepest distance races of the evening.

The 27-year-old will face a quality field featuring rising Kenyan talent Caroline Nyaga, Margaret Akidor, Ethiopia's Likina Amebaw and Hirut Meshesha, as well as fellow Kenyan Purity Chepkurui. With several proven performers on the start line, the race promises to be a fierce battle from the opening laps.

Adding further intrigue is the standard set by the event itself. The current world record of 13:58.06 belongs to Kenyan superstar Beatrice Chebet, who became the first woman in history to break the 14-minute barrier for 5000m.

Although Yavi's primary focus remains the steeplechase, her growing strength on the track has made her a genuine threat in longer flat races. Every appearance outside her signature event offers another glimpse into the remarkable range that has transformed her into one of the world's most complete distance runners.

As the lights shine on Rome tonight, all eyes will be on Yavi to see whether she can translate her championship pedigree into another memorable performance. A victory would further cement her reputation as one of the most versatile stars in global athletics and provide a major statement as the Diamond League season gathers momentum.

Age may slow the clock, but it does not have to limit ambition. At 90 years old, Bill Schwarz has achieved something many runners spend a lifetime pursuing—completing his first marathon.

On May 31, Schwarz took on the full 26.2-mile challenge at the Rock ‘n’ Roll San Diego Marathon, embarking on a journey that was never about pace, rankings, or finishing inside the official cutoff time. For him, there was only one goal: cover the entire distance.

More than nine hours after starting, Schwarz was still moving forward. While the official race clock had long stopped, he continued until his watch confirmed he had completed every mile of the marathon course. That was the achievement that mattered most.

Schwarz’s remarkable accomplishment is made even more inspiring by the life he has led. A retired engineer, he once contributed to the Apollo space program, helping design components that played a role in humanity’s journey to the moon. Decades later, he is still proving that exploration and perseverance know no age limit.

Unlike many people in their later years, Schwarz takes no medication and has never undergone a joint replacement. Running first entered his life in the 1950s when he was a high school student. What began as a practical way to balance his interests eventually became something much deeper. Over the years, he stepped away from the sport and returned to it several times, describing running as a form of meditation that brings clarity and peace.

The marathon dream gained new meaning following the loss of his wife, Janice, two and a half years ago. Searching for purpose and direction during a difficult period, Schwarz registered for a local 5K race. That single event reignited his passion for movement and personal challenge.

One race led to another. A 5K became a half marathon. Then another half marathon. Soon, he had completed five. Last year, he walked and ran 60 miles along Spain’s historic Camino de Santiago over six days. The experience convinced him that his body was capable of tackling an even greater challenge—the marathon.

Determined to give himself every opportunity to succeed, Schwarz committed fully to preparation. He trained approximately ten hours each week with the support of a strength coach, running coach, stretch trainer, and Pilates instructor. Along the way, he lost 40 pounds and embraced a data-driven approach to training, monitoring his effort through heart-rate zones and using modern technology to help plan his nutrition strategy.

On race day, he was not alone. A friend of his daughter accompanied him throughout the entire journey, providing encouragement and companionship over every mile of the demanding course.

Yet, despite finally conquering his first marathon at an age when most people have long retired from athletic pursuits, Schwarz is not finished dreaming.

His sights are already set on the next challenge: the Boston Marathon. The oldest official finisher in the race’s storied history was 84 years old, meaning Schwarz could potentially rewrite the record books if he reaches the starting line and completes the course.

Before taking on San Diego, he summed up his philosophy with a simple but powerful statement:

"My objective is to finish. And whatever time it takes, it's going to be wonderful."

That mindset carried him through 26.2 miles and into marathon history. More importantly, it delivered a message that resonates far beyond running: goals do not have an expiration date, and it is never too late to pursue a dream.

Australian sprint prodigy Gout Gout has taken another monumental step in his rapidly rising career after World Athletics officially ratified his stunning 200-metre performance as the Under-20 World Record.

The 18-year-old sensation etched his name into athletics history at the Australian Championships in April when he stormed to an extraordinary 19.67 seconds, becoming the first Australian athlete to legally break the coveted 20-second barrier in the 200m. The performance immediately sent shockwaves through the global athletics community, drawing comparisons with some of the sport’s greatest sprinters and signaling the arrival of a remarkable new talent on the world stage.

With the record now formally recognized, Gout's achievement stands as the fastest 200m ever recorded by an athlete in the Under-20 category. His breathtaking run surpassed the previous world junior mark and was even quicker than the fastest time recorded by sprint icon Usain Bolt during his own teenage years, further highlighting the magnitude of the Australian's accomplishment.

The ratification by World Athletics transforms what was already a sensational performance into an official piece of athletics history. It is a landmark moment not only for Gout himself but also for Australian sprinting, a nation that has rarely featured among the world's fastest over the 200m distance.

Still only 18, Gout continues to build a reputation as one of the most exciting young athletes in global sport. His blend of raw speed, composure, and competitive fearlessness has captured attention far beyond Australia, with many now eager to see how far his talent can carry him on the international stage.

For now, however, the numbers speak for themselves: 19.67 seconds, a world-record performance, and a place in athletics history secured. The future appears exceptionally bright for the young Australian whose remarkable rise shows no signs of slowing down.